Paper: Social inequalities, musculoskeletal health and work: Does the perception of work-relatedness matter?

Author(s) and Affiliation(s):
Susan Stock, Quebec Institute of Public Health (Institut national de santé publique du Québec) and School of Public Health, University of Montreal
France Tissot, Quebec Institute of Public Health (Institut national de santé publique du Québec)
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Objectives:

This gender-based study examines the socioeconomic gradient associated with musculoskeletal outcomes in Quebec workers and measures the influence of work exposures on the gradient in musculoskeletal health associated with occupational class. It also examines how these relationships vary for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), non-work-related MSD and when work-related and non-work-related MSD are combined (i.e. MSD in which work-relatedness is not distinguished).

Methods:

Using data from the 1998 Quebec Social and Health Survey, 4149 male and 3116 female workers meeting inclusion criteria were identified. MSD was defined as the presence of significant musculoskeletal pain interfering with activities frequently or all the time in the previous 12 months and identified using a self-administered questionnaire. Perception of whether symptoms were partly or entirely related to work was measured. Three main outcomes were studied: work-related MSD, non-work-related MSD and MSD without distinction of work-relatedness. SOC occupational codes were categorized into 5 occupational classes from senior managers and professionals to unskilled manual workers. Work exposure measures included a 5-item index of physical work demands, general work posture, Karasek decision latitude and psychological demand 9-item scales, intimidation at work, difficult situations with the public and work hours. For each MSD outcome, the Adjusted Risk Ratio (ARR) for each occupational class was compared in 4 multinomial logistic regression models: Model 1) occupational class alone; Model 2) model 1+ physical work demands and work posture; Model 3) model 1 + psychosocial work demands; Model 4) model 1 + all work exposures. All models were adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, leisure time physical activity, social support & work hours. Separate analyses were carried out for men and women.

Results:

A very strong and highly significant occupational class gradient was found for work-related MSD, steeper for men that women (Men: skilled manual workers ARR 3.1 (2.3-4.2) vs senior managers/professionals; Women: Skilled and unskilled manual workers ARR 1.9 (1.3-2.6) vs senior managers/professionals). This occupational class gradient disappeared or greatly diminished when physical work demands were taken into account (Men: skilled manual workers ARR 1.4 (0.99-1.9); Women: Skilled and unskilled manual workers ARR 0.98 (0.7 -1.4)) but not when psychosocial job demands were taken into account. An inverse and highly significant occupational class gradient was found for non-work-related MSD that also disappeared when physical work demands were taken into account. When work-relatedness of MSD was not taken into account there was a much smaller occupational class gradient for MSD found in both men and women that disappeared when physical work demands were taken into account. Strong social gradients in prevalence of work exposures variables were found for physical work demands, work posture and decision latitude; a quite significant inverse social gradient was found for psychological job demands and exposure to difficult situations with the public.

Conclusions:

The relationship between MSD and occupational class is complex. Work-related MSD (WMSD) are associated with lower occupational class, while non-work-related MSD are associated with higher occupational class. Moreover, the relationship between WMSD and occupational class is largely explained by differences in the prevalence of physical work demands among occupational classes. Thus, the associations between WMSD and lower occupational classes largely disappear when one adjusts for physical work demands. If work-relatedness is not taken into account, the relationships between MSD, occupational class and occupational exposures will vary according to the distribution of occupational classes in the study population. Improving physical work demands among the lower occupational classes would help reduce socioeconomic inequalities in musculoskeletal outcomes.